Bangladesh on Monday held talks in Cox’s Bazar aimed at addressing the plight of Rohingya refugees, even as fresh arrivals continue crossing from war-torn Myanmar and shrinking aid flows deepen the crisis.
The meetings are taking place ahead of a UN conference in New York on September 30. Both Bangladesh and the UN want to provide stable conditions in Myanmar for the Rohingya to eventually return.
That seems unlikely any time soon.
“I consistently hear from Rohingya refugees that they want to return to their homes in Myanmar, but only when it is safe to do so,” Nicholas Koumjian, who heads the UN’s Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar, warned ahead of the meeting.
“Ending the violence and atrocities against civilians from all communities in Rakhine is critical for the eventual safe, dignified, voluntary and sustainable return of those that have been displaced.”
Among those who crossed into Bangladesh is Mohammad Kaisar, who fled from Myanmar’s Maungdaw township in 2017. The rain was relentless the night he escaped. Barefoot and exhausted, he trudged with his parents and four siblings on muddy paths until they reached the Naf River. On a flimsy boat, they entered Bangladesh, joining around a million of the largely Muslim Rohingya minority fleeing a military crackdown in Rakhine state.
Eight years later, rain still lashes down on his simple shelter in the sprawling refugee camps of Cox’s Bazar. But for the 28-year-old refugee, nothing has washed away his despair.
“War is raging. Hundreds are waiting at the border to enter Bangladesh. Every day, a new family from Rakhine takes refuge,” Kaisar told AFP by telephone, speaking outside his cramped hut in Balukhali camp.
“How is it possible to return home? We were destined to stay in this crowded camp, sandwiched between small huts.”
Kaisar’s old homeland of Rakhine remains the site of intense fighting in Myanmar’s civil war, triggered by the 2021 coup that ousted the democratic government. Bangladesh has recorded a surge of refugees from Myanmar since early 2024, with 150,000 more Rohingya arriving.
For Kaisar, life in Myanmar was a spacious home, running a small grocery shop. Today, in the grim camps, it’s a daily battle for survival.
“Safety is fragile. Factional clashes have shaken the camp in recent months. We had two armed groups fighting only a few months ago. It was like a hostage situation,” he said.
“Violence is common; children are the most vulnerable.”
Restricted access in Rakhine due to fighting has been compounded by worldwide aid cutbacks spearheaded by US President Donald Trump’s freeze on humanitarian funding. The World Food Program—which received nearly half its 2024 donations from the United States—warned this month that 57% of families in central Rakhine are now unable to meet basic food needs.
In the camps, food too is a constant worry. Each refugee receives a ration card worth about $12 a month. Kaisar listed what that buys: 13 kilograms of rice, a litre of oil, a handful of onions and garlic, and a packet of salt.
“It fills our stomachs, but there is no nutrition,” he said.
“I have a three-year-old son. He needs milk, eggs, lentils, but we cannot afford them. Nutrition centres in the camps provide support to children under two. After that, we are left to struggle.”
Education is the next looming hurdle, and Kaisar fears for his young son.
“Will he be able to study and get a job? Or will he spend his whole life as a refugee like me?” Kaisar asked.
He recalled how ordinary villagers in Bangladesh once handed him dry clothes and food after his escape. But beyond that generosity, the future looks bleak. The violence that uprooted him still rages across the border, and Rohingya militants working with the Myanmar junta have tried to recruit refugees, according to camp residents, UN reports and analysts.
“We civilians have been continuously betrayed,” Kaisar said bitterly. “Every side has used us as pawns.”
For now, the father’s appeal is simple: that Dhaka ease restrictions on education, to allow Rohingya children to attend regular Bangladeshi schools.
“At least allow our children to attend school,” he said. “If they can stand on their own, maybe their future won’t be as hopeless as ours.”
